Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
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ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Ṣulḥ al-Ḥudaybiyyah (the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah) was one of the most significant political and diplomatic events in the life of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and a decisive turning point in ea...
Sumayyah bint Khayyāṭ (RA), also recorded as Sumayyah bint Khubbāṭ, was an early female companion of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and, by the consensus of the historical tradition, the f...
Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah refers to the sayings, actions, approvals, and practical example of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, which together constitute the second foundational source of Islam after...
Suyūf al-Nabī (sing. sayf) denotes the swords owned and borne by the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ across the several periods of his life, and especially in the Madinan era, when the nascent...
Tabūk was an important oasis located in the northwestern Arabian Peninsula, approximately midway between al-Madīnah and southern Bilād al-Shām. Owing to its strategic position on t...
Tahajjud refers to the voluntary night prayer performed after sleeping for part of the night and before the appearance of dawn. Derived from the Arabic root h-j-d, which conveys th...
Muḥammad Ṭāhir al-Qādrī (b. 1951) is a contemporary Pakistani Muslim scholar, preacher, jurist, and prolific writer known for his extensive contributions to sīrah literature, Islam...
Talḥah ibn ʿUbayd Allāh was one of the most distinguished Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and among the ten companions promised Paradise (al-ʿAsharah al-Mubashsharah). He belonged...
Taqwā is one of the most fundamental ethical and spiritual concepts in Islam, denoting God-consciousness, piety, reverence, and a vigilant awareness of God's presence. Derived from...
Tarāwīḥ refers to the special congregational night prayers performed during the month of Ramaḍān after the ʿIshāʾ prayer. The term is derived from the Arabic word tarwīḥah (“rest”...
Ṭarīf Khālidī is a contemporary Palestinian historian, translator, and scholar of Islamic intellectual and historical studies, particularly known for his contributions to sīrah stu...
Tariq Ramadan is a contemporary Muslim intellectual, academic, and writer known for his contributions to modern Islamic thought, ethics, reform discourse, and Muslim identity in th...
Ṭawāf refers to the ritual circumambulation of the Kaʿbah in al-Masjid al-Ḥarām in Makkah, performed by Muslims as an essential act of worship during Ḥajj and ʿUmrah. Linguisticall...
Tawakkul commonly translated as trust, reliance, or dependence upon God, is a fundamental spiritual and ethical concept in Islam. Derived from the Arabic root w-k-l, meaning “to en...
Tawbah refers to repentance, return, and turning back to Allah after sin, negligence, or disobedience. Linguistically, the Arabic term tawbah derives from the root t-w-b, meaning “...
Tawḥīd refers to the absolute oneness, uniqueness, and indivisible unity of Allah, constituting the central doctrine of Islam and the foundation of Islamic theology, spirituality,...
The Tawrāh, commonly rendered in English as the Torah, is the divine scripture revealed by Allah to Moses (Mūsā AS). In Islamic belief, the Tawrāh constitutes one of the major heav...
Tazkiyat al-Nafs meaning the purification, refinement, and development of the soul, is a central ethical and spiritual concept in Islam. Derived from the Arabic root z-k-w, which c...
Ṭāʾif is one of the historically significant cities in the sīrah of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and occupies an important place in early Islamic history. Located southeast of Makkah in the...
Taʿẓīm al-Nabī ﷺ refers to the reverence, honour, love, and devotion accorded to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ within Islamic theology, spirituality, and devotional life. Linguistically, the...
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