Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
Browse all Concepts →
ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Sean W. Anthony is a contemporary American scholar of early Islam, sīrah, Qurʾānic studies, and Late Antiquity. He received his doctoral training at the University of Chicago and c...
Shaqq al-Ṣadr refers to the miraculous splitting and purification of the chest of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ by the angels, an event reported in authentic ḥadīth literature and regarded as...
Shaybah ibn Rabīʿah was one of the prominent chiefs of Quraysh in Makkah and a leading member of Banū ʿAbd Shams. He was the brother of ʿUtbah ibn Rabīʿah and the father of al-Walī...
Shirk refers to associating partners with Allah in His lordship, worship, names, attributes, or divine authority, and it is regarded in Islam as the gravest of all sins. Linguistic...
Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib refers to the valley or mountain pass in Makkah where Banū Hāshim and Banū al-Muṭṭalib were subjected to a severe socio-economic boycott by the Quraysh during the M...
Shūrā meaning “consultation” or “mutual deliberation,” is a fundamental principle of Islamic governance, social organization, and decision-making. Derived from the Arabic root sh-w...
Shuʿayb (AS) is a prophet mentioned in the Qurʾān who was sent by Allah to the people of Madyan (Midian) and, according to some exegetes, also to the people of al-Aykah (“the Compa...
Ṣidq commonly translated as truthfulness, honesty, sincerity, and integrity, is one of the most important ethical virtues in Islam. Derived from the Arabic root ṣ-d-q, meaning “to...
Sidrat al-Muntahā (the Lote-Tree of the Utmost Boundary) is the celestial tree mentioned in the Qurʾān in connection with the Ascension (al-Miʿrāj) of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, marki...
Sīrah refers to the biography, life, character, teachings, and historical mission of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Linguistically, the Arabic term sīrah denotes a path, conduct, manner of li...
Classical sīrah literature refers to the early Muslim biographical and historical writings devoted to preserving the life, character, mission, and legacy of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. The...
Modern sīrah writing refers to contemporary scholarly and literary approaches to the biography of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ that emerged particularly from the nineteenth and twentieth cen...
Stephen J. Shoemaker is an American historian of religion whose work on the origins of Islam, the Qurʾān, and the historical study of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ has made him one of the...
The Qurʾān consists of 114 chapters (sūrahs) of varying length, subdivided into verses (āyāt). The total number of verses differs slightly according to regional systems of enumerat...
Ṣuhayb al-Rūmī was one of the earliest Companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and among the distinguished figures of the early Muslim community. Although ethnically Arab, he became known...
Suhayl ibn ʿAmr (d. 18 AH/639 CE) was one of the leading statesmen and orators of the Quraysh and later a companion of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Before his conversion, he was among t...
The Ṣuḥuf Ibrāhīm (Scrolls of Abraham) refer to the sacred revelations believed in Islam to have been bestowed upon Prophet Ibrāhīm (AS). The Qurʾān mentions these scriptures expli...
The Ṣuḥuf Mūsā (Scrolls of Moses) refer to the divine scriptures associated with Prophet Mūsā (AS) in Islamic tradition. The Qurʾān mentions these scriptures in several passages, m...
Solomon, known in Arabic as Sulaymān, is one of the great prophets and kings in Islam. He was the son of David (Dāwūd AS) and inherited both prophethood and kingship from him. The...
Sayyid Sulaymān Nadwī (1884–1953) was one of the foremost Muslim scholars, historians, and sīrah writers of modern South Asia. Born in Desna in Bihar, India, he received his educat...
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