Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
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ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Jabal al-Rumāh, the “Mount of the Archers,” is a small hill at the southern edge of the battlefield of Uḥud, to the north of Madinah, famous in the sīra as the position upon which...
Jabal Uḥud is a large mountain rising to the north of Mad┘nah, the most prominent natural landmark of the city and the site of the second great battle of the Prophet Muḥammad’s ﷺ c...
Jābir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr al-Anṣārī (d. ca. 78/697) was one of the most prominent companions of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and among the leading transmitters of ḥadīth. A member of...
Jahannam, “the Fire,” commonly called al-Nār (Hell), is the abode of punishment prepared in the Hereafter for the unbelievers and the wicked, the opposite and the counterpart of th...
The term Jāhiliyyah refers to the pre-Islamic period in Arabia before the revelation of Islam to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ in 610 CE. Commonly translated as the “Age of Ignorance,” the te...
Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (849–911 AH/1445–1505 CE) was one of the most prolific and influential Muslim scholars of the late medieval Islamic period. A distinguished authority in Qurʾ...
Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Badawī was a distinguished contemporary Muslim scholar, educator, and public intellectual born in 1938 in Egypt. He later migrated to Canada, where he became...
Jamāʿah (lit. “community,” “congregation,” or “collective body”) is a central concept in Islamic thought denoting the unity of Muslims through their shared commitment to the Qurʾān...
Janāzah refers to the Islamic funeral rites performed for a deceased Muslim, including the preparation of the body, the funeral prayer (Ṣalāt al-Janāzah), and burial. The term may...
Jannat al-Baqīʿ—often called simply al-Baqīʿ or Baqīʿ al-Gharqad, after the boxthorn (gharqad) that once grew there—is the principal cemetery of al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, lying imm...
Jazīrat al-ʿArab (Arabia) is the vast peninsula of southwestern Asia bounded by the Red Sea, the Arabian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea. As the homeland of the Arab pe...
Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib (RA) was one of the earliest and most distinguished companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, renowned for his steadfast faith, eloquence, leadership, and martyrdom in...
Sayyid Jaʿfar Shahīdī (1919–2008) was a prominent Iranian scholar, historian, man of letters, and expert in Persian lexicography whose contributions significantly enriched modern s...
Jaʿfar Subḥānī (b. 1929) is a prominent contemporary Iranian scholar, theologian, jurist, and historian whose writings have exercised considerable influence on modern Islamic studi...
Jibrīl, known in English as Angel Gabriel, occupies a central position in Islamic belief and sīrah literature as the chief angel responsible for conveying divine revelation to the...
Jihād (literally means “striving” or “struggling” in the path of Allah. In the Sharī‘ah, it refers to exerting one’s utmost effort to uphold faith, justice, righteousness, and the...
Jizyah refers to a tax levied in the Islamic state upon non-Muslim subjects (ahl al-dhimmah) in return for state protection, security, and exemption from military service. Derived...
John Edward Wansbrough (1928–2002) was an American-born historian and scholar of Islamic origins whose work profoundly influenced the modern academic study of early Islam, Qurʾānic...
John Marsden Beaumont Jones (1920–1992), commonly known as J. M. B. (Marsden) Jones, was a British Arabist and historian whose scholarship made a lasting contribution to the study...
Josef Horovitz (1874–1931) was a German Orientalist and one of the most influential early twentieth-century scholars of Islam, Arabic literature, and the life of the Prophet Muḥamm...
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