Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
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ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Raḥmah commonly translated as mercy, compassion, kindness, and benevolence, is one of the most fundamental concepts in Islam and a central attribute of God in the Qurʾān. Derived f...
Raḥmat lil-ʿĀlamīn (“Mercy for all the worlds”) is one of the most comprehensive Qurʾānic descriptions of the mission of the Prophet Muhammad. The title originates from the Qurʾāni...
Ramaḍān is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and one of the most sacred periods in Islam. It is the month in which the Qurʾān was first revealed to Prophet Muhammad as...
Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī was a prominent Syrian Kurdish Islamic scholar, theologian, jurist, and sīrah specialist whose writings exercised wide influence throughout the conte...
Ramlah bint Abī Sufyān, better known by her honorific title Umm Ḥabībah, was one of the wives of Prophet Muḥammad and is revered among the mmmahāt al-muʾminīn (Mothers of the Belie...
Rasūl (“Messenger”) is one of the central Qurʾānic titles of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and represents the foundation of his mission in Islam. The term derives from the Arabic root r-s-l,...
Rasūl Jaʿfariyān (b. 1964) is a contemporary Iranian historian, author, and researcher specializing in early Islamic history, Islamic historiography, and the intellectual developme...
Rayḥānah bint Zayd was a Jewish woman of the Banū Qurayẓah tribe who lived during the time of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Her name appears in the biographical and historical literature...
The recitation (tilāwah) of the Qurʾān occupies a central place in Muslim devotional life. Muslims regard its Arabic text as miraculous in language, structure, and meaning. The sci...
1 Qurʾān 2:30, 3:159, 4:58, 8:61, 42:38, 60:8. 2 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ḥadīth no. 6788. 3 Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, ḥadīth no. 4470. 4 Shiblī Nuʿmānī and Syed Sulaimān Nadwī, Sīrat al-Nabī (Lahore...
The revelation (nuzūl) of the Qurʾān began in 610 CE in the Cave of Ḥirāʾ near Makkah when the Prophet ﷺ received the opening verses of Sūrat al-ʿAlaq: “Read in the name of your Lo...
Ribā, commonly rendered usury or interest, is the unlawful increase forbidden in Islam, the gain exacted upon a loan or in certain exchanges over and above the principal. Its prohi...
Riḍwān, is traditionally recognized in Islamic literature as the angel appointed by Allah as the guardian and keeper of Paradise (Jannah). Although his name is not explicitly menti...
Risālah (“Messengership” or “Divine Mission”) is a central concept in Islam referring to the office, function, and mission entrusted by Allah to His messengers for the guidance of...
Robert G. Hoyland is a leading contemporary historian of early Islam, sīrah, Late Antiquity, and the Arab conquests. Educated at the University of Oxford, where he completed his do...
Rudi Paret (1901–1983) was a German Orientalist, Arabist, and scholar of Islam whose work exerted a major influence on twentieth-century Western studies of the Qurʾān, early Islami...
Ruqayyah bint Muḥammad ﷺ was one of the daughters of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and Khadījah bint Khuwaylid (RA). She was born in Makkah before the beginning of Prophethood and grew up wit...