Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
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ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Masjid al-Nabawī, the Prophet’s Mosque in Madīnah, is the second holiest mosque in Islam after Masjid al-Ḥarām in Makkah and one of the most important institutions in the history o...
Masjid al-Qiblatayn, located in Madīnah, is one of the most historically significant mosques connected with the life of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and the development of the early Musl...
Masjid al-Suqyā, located in Madīnah near the valley of al-Suqyā, is a historic mosque associated with the military expeditions of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, particularly the Ghazwat B...
Masjid al-ʿArīsh refers to the mosque associated with the temporary shelter (ʿarīsh) constructed for Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ during the Battle of Badr in 2 AH/624 CE. The structure orig...
Masjid Qubā, located on the outskirts of Madīnah, is regarded as the first mosque established in Islamic history. It was founded by the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ shortly after his Hijrah...
Mawlid al-Nabī, also known as Mawlid al-Rasūl or al-Mawlid al-Sharīf, refers to the commemoration of the birth of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. The event occupies an important place in I...
Maxime Rodinson (1915–2004) was a French historian, sociologist, and orientalist whose work exerted considerable influence on modern Western scholarship on Islam and the sīrah of t...
Maymūnah bint al-Ḥārith was one of the wives of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and is counted among the Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn (Mothers of the Believers). She was the last woman whom the Prop...
Muḥammad Yāsīn Maẓhar Siddīqī (1944–2020) was a distinguished Indian Muslim historian, academic, and scholar of sīrah and Islamic civilization. Born in Uttar Pradesh, India, he pur...
Maʿmar ibn Rāshid al-Azdī (95–153 AH/714–770 CE) was one of the most important early Muslim scholars of ḥadīth, sīrah, and historical tradition. Originally from Baṣrah and later ac...
Michael Allan Cook (b. 1940) is a British historian and one of the most influential contemporary scholars of Islamic history. Educated at King’s College, Cambridge, and the School...
Michael Lecker (b. 1949) is an Israeli historian and one of the foremost contemporary scholars of early Islamic history, Arabian tribal society, and the life of the Prophet Muḥamma...
Mīkāʾīl, commonly identified in English as Michael, is one of the chief angels in Islam and is regarded among the most honored servants of Allah. He is explicitly mentioned in the...
Minā is a narrow valley lying roughly five kilometers east of Makkah, between the city and Muzdalifa, and one of the principal stations of the Islamic pilgrimage.¹ Several of the ḥ...
Miṣr (Egypt) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world and occupies a central place in the religious, cultural, and political history of the Middle East. Sit...
The Mīthāq Madīnah (Covenant or Constitution of Madīnah) was one of the earliest and most significant political documents in Islamic history. Drafted by Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ shortly...
The Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ rank among the greatest miracles in Islamic history and spirituality. The event occurred shortly before the hijrah and represented both a...
Mubāhalah refers to a formal mutual invocation in which two disputing parties invoke the curse of Allah upon those who are false after theological discussion fails to produce agree...
Mughulṭāy ibn Qilij al-Bakrī al-Ḥanafī (689–762 AH/1290–1361 CE) was a distinguished Mamlūk-era historian, ḥadīth scholar, biographer, and jurist whose writings occupy an important...
The Muhājirūn were the early Muslims who migrated with Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ from Makkah to Madīnah during the Hijrah in 622 CE. The term derives from the Arabic word hijrah, meaning...
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