Companions, family, scholars, opponents, prophets preceding the Prophet ﷺ.
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Arabia, al-Ḥijāz, Madīnah, Makkah, battlefields, and the sacred geography of the Prophetic mission.
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Ghazawāt, Sarāyā, treaties, the Hijrah, the conquest of Makkah.
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Īmān, Tawḥīd, Amānah, Jihād, Akhlāq al-Nabī — the theological landscape.
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ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān, Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth, Isnād, Tafsīr, Qirāʾāt.
Browse all Sciences of Qurʾān & Ḥadīth →
Canonical and modern reference works cited throughout the encyclopedia.
Browse all Books & References →Every entry is densely cross-linked to companions, events, and concepts. A glimpse of the network:
Ghazwat Khaybar was a major campaign led by the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ in 7 AH/628–629 CE against the oasis settlements of Khaybar, situated north of Madīnah. It occupies an important...
Ghazwat Ṣafwān, also known in the sīrah sources as Badr al-Ūlā (the First Badr Expedition), was an early military operation led by the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ in 2 AH/623 CE. The expedi...
Ghazwat Tabūk was the final major expedition personally led by the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ in 9 AH/630 CE and represents one of the most significant events in the closing phase of the s...
Ghazwat Uḥud was a major military engagement fought in 3 AH/625 CE between the Muslim community of Madīnah and the Quraysh of Makkah. It occupies a central place in the sīrah as on...
Ghazzah (Gaza) is an ancient town of southern Palestine, near the Mediterranean coast at the southern edge of the Syrian lands, which figures in the sīrah chiefly as a terminus of...
Gordon Darnell Newby (b. 1945) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and comparative religion whose research has contributed significantly to the academic study of early Islam,...
Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Aʿẓamī was a prominent twentieth-century Indian Muslim scholar, historian, and editor whose work contributed significantly to the study of Sīrah, Islamic histori...
Ḥadīth refers to the transmitted reports concerning the sayings, actions, approvals, and personal characteristics of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Together with the Qurʾān, ḥadīth consti...
ʿIlm al-Rijāl, literally “the Science of Men” or “the Science of Transmitters,” is the branch of Ḥadīth studies concerned with the biographical evaluation of narrators who transmit...
Ḥadīth Āḥād, refers to a Prophetic tradition transmitted by a number of narrators insufficient to reach the level of tawātur (mass transmission). The term āḥād literally means “ind...
Asbāb al-Wurūd al-Ḥadīth, refers to the circumstances, events, questions, or situations that occasioned the statement, action, or approval of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Just as knowle...
A Ḍaʿīf Ḥadīth, or weak Ḥadīth, is a Prophetic tradition that does not fulfill one or more of the conditions required for acceptance as ṣaḥīḥ (authentic) or ḥasan (sound). In the s...
Faḍāʾil al-Ḥadīth, refers to the virtues, merits, and distinguished status of the Prophetic sunnah and its transmission, preservation, study, and application. As the second princip...
A Ḥasan Ḥadīth, is a Prophetic tradition that occupies an intermediate position between ṣaḥīḥ (authentic) and ḍaʿīf (weak) reports. The term ḥasan literally means “good” or “accept...
Ḥifẓ al-Ḥadīth, refers to the preservation, memorization, and safeguarding of the sayings, actions, approvals, and descriptions of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. It constitutes one of the...
Isnād, literally meaning “support” or “attribution,” refers to the chain of transmitters through whom a Ḥadīth is conveyed from the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ to later generations. Each na...
Jamʿ wa Tadwīn al-Ḥadīth, refers to the collection, recording, and systematic compilation of the Prophetic traditions. It represents one of the most significant developments in Isl...
Jarḥ wa Taʿdīl, is the branch of ḥadīth studies concerned with evaluating the reliability and credibility of narrators. The term jarḥ refers to criticism that identifies deficienci...
Matn, literally meaning “text” or “substance,” refers to the actual wording and content of a ḥadīth, as distinct from its isnād (chain of transmission). Every ḥadīth consists of th...
Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Ḥadīth, often referred to as Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīth or ʿUlūm al-Ḥadīth, is the branch of Islamic scholarship that defines and explains the technical terminology used in t...
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